Blog

What is c++/C++ programming

A high-level, all-purpose programming language for computers is called C++. It was created as a programming extension for the once-popular C programming language. Early in the 1980s, Bjarne Stroustrup, the man behind C++, developed it at Bell Labs. Programming in C++ is well-known for its adaptability, efficiency, and robust software development characteristics. Because of this, a variety of applications, including those for systems software, game development, scientific computing, computer programming, embedded systems, Windows, Linux, Mac, apps development, and much more, favor the C++ language.

The main attributes and qualities of C++ programming are listed here.

• It is object-oriented – The object-oriented programming (OOP) ideas are fully supported by the C++ programming language. enabling C++ programmers to use classes and objects to construct modular, reusable applications.
• Procedural – In addition to OOP, C++ includes procedural programming, which is a legacy of the C programming language. It enables C++ programmers to create code for both object-oriented and structured programming in the same program.
• Efficiency – The C++ programming language gives programmers access to and control over low-level program memory. This makes it a good programming language for systems development and applications that require high performance.
• STL, or Standard Template Library – C++ programming includes a strong STL. It offers a set of classes and functions for popular algorithms and data structures (such vectors, lists, and maps). It improves C++ program code reuse and simplifies difficult programming procedures.
• Compile-time polymorphism – Both function and operator overloading are fully supported in the C++ programming language. It enables the creation of several program functions with the same name or the customization of the operator behavior for user-defined types in C++ programs.
• Compile-time type checking – Because C++ has robust static typing capabilities, a number of program source code problems are discovered during program compilation. Thus, the likelihood of software runtime problems is significantly decreased.
• Multi-paradigm — C++ programming allows for the use of procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming paradigms. This enables C++ programmers to select the ideal paradigm for a particular job.
• Platform independence – C++ programming is platform agnostic, just as C++ programming. This means that C++ program code may be built and executed successfully across every kind of hardware device and operating system.
• Wide range of applications – C++ is utilized in many different industries. It covers programming tasks for high-performance computers, embedded devices, robotics, software development, and more.
• Community and ecosystem – The C++ programming language has a large and vibrant developer community, and there are several libraries, frameworks, and tools available to make a variety of program development work easier.

C++ compiler

A piece of software called a C++ compiler is installed on a local, offline machine. It converts the source code of a C++ program into machine code or another intermediate form. which the targeted machine is capable of running. Numerous crucial tasks are carried out by the compiler in programming languages. This include revising the written program’s syntax, streamlining its code, verifying its conditions and logic, and creating executable program files. No matter how big or little your project is, you must consider a variety of requirements when selecting a C++ program compiler, including platform compatibility, performance, debugging tools, and project-specific requirements. Some IDE software development tools even have built-in C++ compilers of their own. As a result, the compiler you choose may be influenced by the development environment you choose.

Today, there are several C++ compiler choices. You can select one based on your needs, either as an independent compiler tool or as a component of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

• GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) – GCC is a popular open-source C++ software compiler suite that is utilized all over the world. in which a variety of programming languages, including C++, are supported or used.
• Clang – Another open-source C++ software compiler is Clang. It is frequently used as a GCC software compiler substitute. It is widely recognized for its quick software compilation time and powerful C++ error-checking features.
• Microsoft Visual C++ – On Microsoft Windows operating systems, this C++ IDE compiler software is offered by Microsoft as a component of the Visual Studio programming environment. For the creation of Windows applications based on C++, it is commonly used.
• Intel C++ Compiler – A highly dated and appreciated C++ compiler is offered by Intel. This is completely specialized for the creation of Intel processor programs. This makes C++ programs a good choice for scientific and high-performance computing software development environments.
• MinGW – or Minimalist GNU for Windows, is a set of Windows development tools. It comprises aspects of the GCC Compiler Suite software that have been optimized for the creation of Windows operating systems.
• Xcode – The C++ compiler, Swift, and other program features are all included in Xcode, Apple’s integrated development environment (IDE) for macOS and iOS development.
• Borland C++ Compiler – Borland used to provide an aging C++ compiler that was quite popular, but it is no longer as widely used as other options.

Microsoft visual c++/ Visual c++

Microsoft Visual C++ is a widely known C++ compiler and integrated development environment (IDE) program. It is sometimes shortened as MSVC or VC++. The Microsoft Visual C++ IDE program is mostly used to create programs and apps that run on the Windows platform.

The Microsoft Visual C++ IDE program is discussed briefly below on some of the most popular or important areas.

• IDE, or integrated development environment – With capabilities including program source code editing, program debugging, project file and data management, and GUI program design tools, the Visual C++ program editor offers the C++ developer a complete integrated development environment. Is. It is a piece of software that is a component of Microsoft’s Visual Studio software development tools.
• Compiler – A pre-built C++ program source compiler is included with Microsoft Visual C++. It creates executable files for the Windows operating system from C++ source code. Different C++ software development standards are completely supported. These include older software dating back to C++98 and more recent programming languages like the now-appreciated C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20, and C++23.
• Windows Development – The Microsoft Visual C++ programming environment is ideally suited for creating graphical games, desktop, laptop, and smartphone apps, as well as Windows services. Both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows program development are completely supported for Windows users.
• •.NET Integration – Applications that are integrated with or supported by the.NET Framework may be created using Microsoft Visual C++ software, and projects for C++/CLI programs are included. which enables the use of C++ source code with .NET programming languages.
• MFC and WinAPI – Microsoft Visual C++ offers complete support for Windows API (WinAPI) and Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). a software library that may be used to create Windows programs, often with graphical user interfaces or with extra features and capabilities.
• Programming Debugging Tools – Microsoft Visual C++ offers a variety of effective debugging tools. It has the characteristics of a program debugger. It enables C++ programmers to go through the code in real-time, create program breakpoints, and look at program variables.
• Third-party libraries – A wide range of third-party libraries and frameworks may be utilized with Visual C++ to improve the creation of software applications. It offers integration with a variety of program-supported libraries, including DirectX for the creation of graphical games, among others.
• Platform extensibility – Although Windows application development mostly use Microsoft Visual C++ software. Through a variety of software tools and libraries, Visual C++ may also be made to target more operating system platforms. Tools like “Visual C++ for Linux Development” make it feasible to create and run cross-compiled programs on Linux.
• Compatibility – Projects created with Microsoft Visual C++ may be utilized with other Microsoft technologies, such as.NET languages. It becomes a flexible alternative for programming Windows application development as a result.
• Community Edition – Microsoft provides a free version of Visual Studio for software development called “Visual Studio Community”. it also fully supports Visual C++. Because of this, it is a common option for small teams and solitary developers of C++ programs.

Online c++ compiler/ C++ online compiler/ Online compiler c++/ C++ online/ Online c++

There are now a lot of these online C++ compiler choices accessible. It eliminates the need to install any offline C++ software on your current computer by allowing you to create C++ code, compile the written program source code, and run the program code right in your web browser. Let’s present These online C++ program compilers are practical and helpful for learning programming, quickly testing programs, and sharing the source code of already existing programs.

Some popular online C++ compiler choices are listed below.

• OnlineGDB – OnlineGDB is a user-friendly online IDE for developing C++ and other types of programming. It enables you to create C++ program code, build it, and run it in an online, web-based environment. It also supports complete C++ program development. You may access things like a console output window and program source code debugging with this code.
• Repl.it – Repl.it is an online platform for developing C++ and other types of programs. It provides C++ programming support among many other programming languages to software developers. It offers a collaborative development environment and the option for you to share the code for your current product with others.
• IDEOne – IDEOne is a straightforward online compiler and IDE. It accepts C++ along with many other computer languages. This online program compiler enables you to create C++ program code, compile that code, and examine the results in real-time in your web browser.
• Compiler Explorer – Compiler Explorer is a special online tool for developing or running programs. It enables you to examine the assembly code produced by several C++ compilers for the source code of your program. For studying compiler optimization and program code creation, it is a great option.
• JDoodle – JDoodle offers an environment for an online C++ compiler. It enables a developer of C++ software to create C++ program code, compile the source code, and run an already existing application. Additionally, it offers support for a number of additional languages and a group coding environment for collaborative program creation.
• C++ Shell (cpp.sh) – C++ Shell is an online, direct C++ compiler that runs on the web. where you may easily test short pieces of software source code. It gives C++ applications a basic interface for running code.
• Rextester – Rextester supports C++ in addition to many other programming languages. It offers a C++ program output terminal, enabling you to write short pieces of C++ program code, compiles, and runs program code.

C++ vector/ Vectors c++/ Vector c++/ Vector in c++/ Vectors in c++/ Initialize vector c++

The Standard Template Library (STL) offers a dynamic array-like data processing and storage structure for program variables called a vector. It is one of the most often used data structures for keeping track of a group of objects of various types that have been declared in a program. The <vector> header file contains declarations of the vector data types, which are a component of the C++ standard library.

An overview of C++ vectors is provided here.

• Dynamic resizing – In contrast to C++’s built-in array data types, vector data types can dynamically expand or contract in size at any moment. As a result, you are not required to declare or define the dollar vector’s size during program compilation. They become adaptable to manage collections of different lengths as a result. Additionally, you can alter them based on your needs.
• Homogeneous elements – vectors can include only elements of the same arrangement of data (such as an integer, string, or custom object). By assuring that each element is of the same type, vectors offer data type safety.
• Random access – Similar to C++ arrays, vectors enable constant-time O(1) access to specific elements via their indices. Thus, vector objects or elements may be instantly retrieved and modified by defined programs.
• Iteration – Support vector iterator features, which let a C++ programmer iterate over and alter defined elements inside a container.
• Automatic memory management – Vectors, which contain variables inside of them, automatically manage memory. Including memory deallocation and program variable allocation functions. As opposed to raw array data types, vectors don’t require you to worry about memory management.

C++ string/ String c++

In C++ programming, the string data type is common. which the programmer may use to interact with the stated text and character sequences in the program thanks to the Standard Template Library (STL). Compared to C-style character arrays, the C++ strings datatype is more flexible and programmer-friendly and offers a variety of program methods and operators for manipulating strings. Always keep in mind that a header file named “string” is used to specify C++ strings.

Some important characteristics of C++ strings declaration are listed below.

• Dynamic Size – The size of a string in the C++ programming language can be changed as needed. At program compilation time, there is no need to define the size of your program’s string data type declaration.
• Characters – In the C++ programming language, strings can include any combination of letters, numbers, symbols, and control characters. When working with text and representing strings of characters, the string data type is often used.
• Unicode Support – In C++, the declared strings data type is typically used to implement Unicode support in programs. enables you to use a variety of characters from various text scripts and languages in C++ projects.
• String literals – Double quotes are used to specify the string literal data type. The phrase “Welcome to wecanhelpyou” The C++ compiler automatically transforms these characters into string objects. and are shown in accordance with the character that was specified on the console screen.
• String operations – In C++, declared strings may be used for a number of different program actions. The string operations used in C++ include string concatenation (+ operator), string comparison (==,!=,, >, etc.), substring extraction, character array position access (using [] and at()), and a lot more.
• Iterators – Strings support iterators much like other STL containers. A program loop in C++ can explore an array from start to finish. which let you alter individual characters in a string and save the character values of the string as an array.
• Input and output – Strings may be formatted using a variety of manipulators and are simply inputted into and output from C++ applications using the standard input and output streams (cin and cout).

C++ array/ Array c++

A C++ program’s declaration of an array is a fixed-size, sequential collection of elements of the same data type. Arrays can be of the data types integer, float, string, or character in a typical C++ program. Each element in an array that has been declared in C++ is given a unique index location, which is an integer number that identifies the element’s placement within the array. Typically, C++ arrays are defined with a fixed size, and once that size is set, the programmer cannot alter it while the program is running. This defaults to storing the provided array element value.

Certain key characteristics of certain C++ arrays are shown below.

• Fixed size – In C++, the defined array’s size is predetermined at the moment a program variable is declared, and neither the declared array data type nor the values of the array elements it contains may be modified while the current program is running. This means that you must be aware of the size of the array in advance of using it in the application.
• Homogeneous – In a C++ array, the defined element data types are all of the homogeneous type. which states that each member in the array must belong to the same data type (e.g., characters, integers, floating-point numbers, etc.).
• Zero-based indexing— Zero-based indexing is a feature of C++ arrays. This indicates that the software accesses and processes the first stored array element using an index of 0, and the second using an index of 1.
• Contiguous memory – The elements of an array are kept in contiguous memory regions. It enables efficient random access and traversal of program variable values for C++ programmers.
• Initialization – Using program loops or individual assignments, arrays defined in a program can be initialized or looped from beginning to finish at the time of declaration or afterward.
• Determining size – Using the sizeof the operator or dividing the overall size of the array by the size of each individual member are two ways to calculate the size of an array. (Take sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]) as an example).

The C++ language is used in the example below to declare, initialize, and use an array.

#include <iostream>

int main() {

   int testArray[7];// Manually we Declare an array of integers with a size of 7

    // Initialize above declare elements of the array with indexing number

    testArray[0] = 22;

    testArray[1] = 45;

    testArray[2] = 99;

    testArray[3] = 81;

    testArray[4] = 82;

    testArray[5] = 10;

    testArray[6] = 56;

    testArray[7] = 65;

    // loop the declare array element from first indexing location to the last indexing location till it iterator

    for (int l = 0; l <= 7; l++)

    {

        std::cout << “\n Element of the array – ” << l << ” – ” << testArray[l] << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

Map c++/ C++ map

A built-in C++ program container called std::map is made available by the Standard Template Library (STL). which maintains or implements a variable value of an associative array or dictionary data type. You can store Map key-value pairs with this. Each key used in the map that the program has defined is either unique or entirely distinct from the others, and you may use the key in the map to immediately view the matching value. Before being used in C++, std::map is declared in the <map> header file and is a component of the standard library.

Some of the key components of std::map are listed below.

• Key-value pairs – The program variable data is stored in key-value pairs by std::map. where each key corresponds to a distinct value. For various data formats, the program’s keys and values may vary.
• Sorted — In std::map, data components are automatically saved sorted by their keys in ascending order. It is effective for activities that call for you to keep an organized collection of declared variable data because of this.
• Fast Lookup – By utilizing the value of the store variable data key, you may rapidly search for and handle a particular key in a std::map. O(log n), where n is the number of items contained in the map, is the temporal complexity of the search operation.
• Associative access – Achieving associative access in declared programs is the main goal of std::map. where the matching values for the Map data type may be accessed using special keys. Consequently, it is appropriate for programming projects like creating dictionaries or databases.
• Automatic sorting – The keys determine whether the database components contained in the map are sorted in ascending or descending order. Because of this, it is simpler to repeatedly iterate through the data pieces that are stored in the map in a particular sequence.
• Unique keys – Each key in std::map is distinct from the others or is unique. Any duplicate key that is attempted to be inserted into the map will replace the key’s existing value.
• Iterator – A loop or piece of programming logic can iterate through the entries in std::map in either order or reverse order.
• Dynamic scaling – Unlike fixed-sized arrays, variable values stated in the map data type expand or contract when std::map components are added or withdrawn.

For loop c++/ C++ for loop

A C++ program control structure is a for loop. It enables you to continually run a piece of code by providing the loop control variable that is provided within the program loop header and the number of iterations. When calculating the number of times a block of code will be run from beginning to end in a specific circumstance, C++’s for loop is often used.

The C++ language’s fundamental syntax for loops is shown here.

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement)

{

       // program code repeated until for loop condition false

}

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    for (int l = 0; l <= 10; l++)

    {

        std::cout << l << ” “<<“\n”;

    }

    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

Let’s examine each component of the for loop one by one.

• Initialization – Typically, this section is used to set the stated variable value for the loop control to its starting value. At the start of the loop, it is only run once.
• Condition – This is a Boolean program expression or logic that is assessed before to each iteration of the for loop. The loop keeps running if the supplied program condition evaluates to true. The loop automatically ends if the specified condition is falsely evaluated. And the program is shut off.
• Increment/Decrement – In each iteration of the for loop, this component modifies the value of the loop control variable. It is carried out right before the condition is checked again at the conclusion of each cycle.
• Loop body – The section of code contained in curly braces is the for loop’s body. It includes the computer code that is run at each iteration of the for loop.
• You may see an example of a straightforward for loop program in the section below. This displays integer numbers between 1 and 10.

In the example above, the for loop is initialized with int l = 0, the condition is l <= 10, and the increment is l++. The loop iterates until l is less than or equal to 10, and in each iteration, it increases the value of l by 1.

C++ tutorial

For a beginner programmer, learning C++ programming is a terrific activity, and there are now a lot of tools accessible to aid with your C++ language learning.

Here is a step-by-step tutorial on learning C++ programming for any new coder.

      Develop your C++ environment by setting it up.

• Install a C++ compiler – Depending on the operating system on your computer, you can use GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for Linux, Clang for macos, Microsoft Visual C++, Turbo C++, Dave C++, etc. For Microsoft Windows. One can utilize a compiler.
• Decide on an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – Popular IDE choices for C++ programming development include Microsoft Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code, Clone, and Code::Blocks.

      Learn the fundamentals.

• New programmers should first grasp the fundamental grammar and structure of C++ programs.
• Be familiar with the variables, data types, and fundamental input/output (I/O) ideas in C++ programs.
• Gain knowledge of the switch statement, if condition, and program loop.

      Object-oriented programming (OOP) and functions.

• Learn the definition and application of functions in C++.
• Gain knowledge of C++ classes and objects, which are key concepts in C++ OOP.
• Be familiar with C++ programming principles such polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation.

      STL stands for Standard Template Library.

• Learn about several important data structures (such as vectors, maps, etc.) And algorithmic ideas through exploring the STL for programming.
• Acquire proficiency with loop condition value iterators and C++ program containers.
• A memory management installation.
• Recognize how C++ programs handle variable memory allocation and deallocation.
• Gain knowledge of references and pointers.

      Error Control.

• Research the Try Concept, Catch, and Throw used in C++’s Exception Handling Concept.
• Acquire the skills necessary to handle or correct programming problems in your program’s source code.
• I/O file.
• Acquire knowledge on how to read and write data from C++-created data files.

      Specialized themes.

• Detailed examination of more complex C++ topics or features, including templates, lambda expressions, and smart pointers.
• If you’re interested in learning parallel programming. Therefore, learn about concurrency and multithreading.

      Continue to practice regularly.

• To improve your comprehension of C++ programming, consistently practice writing programs with logic.
• Put your newfound knowledge to use by working on simple programming tasks.

Learn about all the resources.

• Online Courses and Tutorials – There are several online C++ courses and tutorials accessible right now. Visit websites like vcanhelpsu.com, Codecademy, Coursera, Udemy, youtube, and others to learn more.
• Books – Andrew Koenig and Barbara E. Moo’s “Accelerated C++” or Stanley B. You may read books about C++ programming, such as Lipman, Josie Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo’s “C++ Primer”.
• Forums and Communities – Join C++ forums and communities, such as Stack Overflow or the C++ subreddit (/r/cpp), to ask questions about C++ programming and get answers from knowledgeable programmers.

      Build a project.

• Make use of your expertise or experience by initially developing simple C++ programs. This hands-on training is crucial for learning how to program in C++.
• Work with and solicit input from programmers with greater expertise than you.
• Work together with other programmers on personal or open-source free software projects to get additional programming expertise and outside input.

Dev c++

Dev-C++ is a Windows-based integrated development environment (IDE) or visual programming tool for C and C++. For authoring C and C++ program code, generating program source, identifying problematic program code, and administering applications in any Windows operating system, it offers a user-friendly interface.

Some important details and information regarding Dev-C++ are included below.

• Compiler – The TDM-GCC compiler is included with the Dev-C++ program. It is a more advanced programming version of the Windows-specific GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). This entails that developer C and C++ applications may be instantly compiled and executed within the IDE.
• Integrated Text Editor – To improve the efficiency of program writing, Dev-C++ contains a code editor with cutting-edge program features including program syntax highlighting, source code completion, and automatic program indentation.
• Project administration – From within the Dev C++ IDE, you may create new program projects, access existing program projects, and manage old program projects. Program projects enable you to customize the organization of your source files, libraries, and build settings.
• Debugger — A built-in program source debugger is a feature of Dev-C++. It enables you, the programmer, to debug program logic by setting program breakpoints, inspecting declared program variables, and stepping through your code.
• Resource Editor – This application comes with a resource editor. It aids in the management of resources for Windows programs, including dialog boxes and icons, as well as the creation of program user interfaces.
• Templates – Dev-C++ offers project templates to programmers for many kinds of computer applications. making it simple to begin working on several project kinds, including terminal programs, GUI applications, and more.
• Extensions – By adding plugins and add-ons made available by the Dev-C++ community, you may increase the capability of the Dev-C++ IDE program.
• Active User Community – Dev-C++ has a thriving user community of programmers. This implies that you may look for or search for C++ programming materials, tutorials, and help online.

C++ getline/ Getline c++

GetLine is a built-in function that the C++ library makes available. This function reads a line of text from a program input stream produced by a C++ application (frequently used with std::getline). such as a file or normal input (keyboard). You can read a whole line of text, including spaces and newline characters, and save it in a C++ string variable using the std::getline function.

Microsoft visual c++ redistributable/ Visual c++ redistributable

A collection of libraries and program elements needed for many Windows applications and C++ programs are made available to programmers through the Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable. for which Microsoft Visual C++ was used in development. These redistributable application packages provide numerous runtime libraries for Visual C++. DLL (Dynamic Link Library) files for Windows are among them. They are necessary for running many different kinds of Visual C++-built software.

C++ list

The Standard Template Library (STL) provides the doubly linked list-based program variable data type container known as std::list. Here, list is the inverse of the C++ concepts of std::vector and std::array. A std::list is implemented as a linked program list of dynamic arrays. The List data structure is helpful in several C++ programming scenarios and contains a number of distinctive programming characteristics. where the list data type allows for quick insertion and deletion at both ends.

Here are a few of the main characteristics of C++ std::list.

• Doubly linked list – Each item in the std::list data type is kept in a node, and each node also holds a reference to the item before it and the item after it in the list. This doubly linked structure enables quick addition and removal of program elements from the list’s beginning and end.
• Iterator support – Bidirectional iterators are supported by the std::list data type. This implies that processing the list in both forward and reverse directions is simple.
• Dynamic size – As list items are added or withdrawn, std::list can dynamically increase or decrease list elements, unlike a fixed-size array.
• Constant time insertion and deletion – List members at the beginning or end of a std::list can be added or removed in a constant amount of time (O(1)). Which makes it a great option in certain circumstances. where frequently such procedures take place.
• No constant-time random access – std::list does not offer constant-time random access to its elements, unlike arrays and vectors. You must traverse the list from the beginning or end to get to an element at a given place on it, which takes linear time (O(n)).
• Lack of contiguous memory – Std::list elements are not kept in contiguous memory regions. As a result, there can be more memory overhead than with arrays or vectors.

C++ substring

Programming in C++ allows you to extract or display a substring from a C++ string using a variety of techniques. The substr member function of the std::string class is the most popular method for displaying substrings.

Here is a C++ example that shows you how to display a substring.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

     std::string firstString = “welcome to vcanhelpsu.com”;

     // now we extract first string from 10 start position to -1 last position

     std::string subString = firstString.substr(10, -1);

     std::cout << “\n Default string Is – ” << firstString << std::endl;

     std::cout << “\n View individual Substring text – ” << subString << std::endl;

     return 0;

}

In the previously mentioned program example, we begin with a blank string and use the SUBSTRING function to extract a substring with a length of 25 characters that starts at position 10 (inclusive). The substring that results contains the text “vcanhelpsu.com” in the information display.

Struct c++/ C++ struct

In C++ programming, a structure is a user-defined data type. It enables you to provide a single name to a set of variables made up of several program data kinds. The primary distinction between structures and the C++ idea of classes is that every member specified in a structure is by default of the public nature. While every member specified in a C++ class is by default private. Simple data structures are frequently created in C++ programming using structures. This keeps the data’s linked components in storage.

An example of structure in the C++ language is provided below.

#include <iostream>

// start employee structure

struct Employee {

    // new structure Member variables declare

    std::string name;

    int age;

    float salary;

    // new Constructor define not necessary to define, but you can if you need

    Employee(const std::string& n, int a, float s) : name(n), age(a), salary(s) {}

};

int main() {

    // create some dummy structure variable

    Employee employee1(“David”, 32, 999);

    // replace above structure variable element with new

    employee1.name = “Lalit Deora”;

    employee1.age = 39;

    employee1.age = 1499;

    // Display the default or new values of struct members with cout function

    std::cout << “########## Actual Structure Member ###########” << std::endl;

    std::cout << “Employee Name Is – ” << employee1.name << std::endl;

    std::cout << “Employee Age Is – “<< employee1.age << std::endl;

    std::cout << “Employee Salary Is – ” << employee1.salary << std::endl;

  return 0;

}

C++ class

In C++ programming for object-oriented programming (OOP), the class idea is a core concept. It enables you to provide a design for developing user-defined classes based on various user-defined class object data types. As class is a data type that the user defines. This links function (methods or member functions) with data (attributes or member variables). which work with the information in the defined class. The defined instances of classes are objects. Additionally, they may be made using C++ class declarations.

C++ pointers

An address in memory for a software variable is called a pointer. which links the stored variable’s memory location to another variable. A fundamental idea in C++, pointers are utilized in programming for a number of reasons. It covers dealing with arrays and data structures, passing program variable values by reference, and allocating memory dynamically.

The topic of C++ pointers is covered in the following main points.

Declaration – An asterisk (*), the data type of the variable to which the pointer refers or saves its value, and the pointer variable are all required when declaring a pointer variable in C++. Name.

The illustration.

int*ptr; // declares an integer simple pointer variable

Initialization – Using the address-off operator (&), declared pointer variables can be initialized or located with the memory address of another variable.

 The illustration.

int l = 2;

• int * ptr = l; // initializes pointer variable ptr with the address of l

Dereferencing – The dereference operator (*) operator is used to access the variable value stored at the memory address pointed to by the pointer.

The illustration.

• int k = *ptr; // dereferences the ptr and assigns the value of variable l(2) to variable k

Null pointers – are references to variables that are defined in a program but do not point to a valid memory address. It can have the unique value nullptr given to it. When an index does not point to anything significant, null indexes are frequently used to communicate this.

• int* nullPtr = nullptr; // declare an empty null pointer type

Pointer Arithmetic – The use of pointers as data type variables in arithmetic programming operations is known as pointer arithmetic. when a pointer is modified by adding or removing an integer value. Accordingly, it automatically switches between multiple memory locations based on the size of the data type addressed to.

• int array[] = {1, 2, 3};
• int* ptr = array; // points to the first element of array
• int info = *ptr; // info value is
• int info1 = *(ptr + 2); // address information

Array – In C++, pointers to arrays are more beneficial or connected to them. In actuality, the first storage variable element’s index position 0 serves as the name of an array specified in a C++ application.

• int array[] = {1, 2, 3};
• int* ptr = array; // display the first element of array

Dynamic memory allocation − Pointers to variables are frequently used for allocating memory for dynamic variables using the new and delete methods (or the malloc and free functions in C). During the course of a program, it enables you to allocate and deallocate memory for program variables.

• int* dynamicdata = new int; // allocate and define memory for integer variable
• *dynamicdata = 2; // assign a value to a dynamically allocated integer data variable
• delete dynamic data; // deallocate memory when process done

C++ set

A pre-built program container from the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) is called std::set. which, in a C++ application, indicates an arranged group of distinct set variable members. The set is implemented as a red-black tree, which is a programmable data type balanced binary search tree. Duplicate set elements are not permitted for declared set data type variables in C++ applications, and the set elements in the std::set template library are sorted by default in ascending order.

C++ download

The developing programming language C ++ itself was at the height of its popularity. Depending on your development needs, you can download the most recent C++ application or IDE version. It is a programming language for Windows-based software development. The tools and libraries required to create new C++ programs, build them, and run them may be downloaded to your computer.

The general stages to getting started with C++ programming are listed here.

 Installing the C++ compiler comes first.

• To convert your C++ source code into an executable program, you may either download a C++ compiler to your computer or run the software online.

 Here are a few well-known C++ compilers.

• On open source operating systems Unix-like platforms (Linux, MacOS), GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) C++ applications are more frequently utilized.
• Microsoft Visual C++ – This program compiler is specifically designed for the Windows operating system.
• Clang – A compiler that is accessible to you on a variety of operating systems, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Unix, and Android.
• You may now select an appropriate C++ software compiler based on your current operating system. An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is offered by several development environments. It already has the C++ application compiler software.

      A text editor or integrated development environment (IDE) are your options.

• Depending on your needs, you can write C++ code in any text editor. But using a specific C++ IDE helps speed up the C++ programming process.

 Several well-liked C++ IDE substitutes include.

• Visual Studio – A well-liked IDE option from Microsoft or Tor for Windows client and server operating systems.
• Code::Blocks – is a Visual Graphical IDE that is open-source and cross-platform for C++ development.
• Eclipse – It offers several CDT plugins for c/c++, java, html, and other languages.
• CLion – is a JetBrains-produced commercial IDE solution for C++ software development.
• As an alternative, you can download and utilize a lightweight text editor with C++ library extensions like Microsoft Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, or Atom.

 Installing and downloading the library is optional.

• Additional C++ libraries or frameworks might need to be downloaded and installed, depending on your program development requirements. Your C++ applications’ capabilities may also be increased by adding other program libraries and well-known plugins like Boost, SDL, or SFML.

 Create and save C++ programs.

• Write your unique C++ software code first using the text editor or C++ IDE of your choice. Save the program code you produced as a file with the.cpp extension, such as sample.cpp, on your computer.

 Assemble and run.

• In order to build and run your C++ program code, a graphical software IDE frequently comes with a built-in program compiler and a “Run” button.
• If you work with command-line tools and text editors. So, to launch a C++ application, use the command line:
• Compile – g++ sample.cpp -o sample (replace g++ with your compiler)
• Execute sample.exe (on Windows) or./sample (on Unix-like platforms).

 Study the C++ language.

• C++ is a sophisticated and powerful programming language. You must understand all of the C++ language’s syntax, current libraries, and top principles if you want to master or become an expert in it. You may presently find a wide variety of online tutorials, books, and courses to assist you in learning C++.

Template in c++/ C++ template

In any or C++ language, a template is a strong programming idea or feature. It enables you to create computer code using the standard syntax. It is compatible with many program data types that you build up. Such functions and classes can be created using C++ program templates. where one or more data variables can be type-parameterized. This enables you to reuse and adapt code, allowing you to incorporate a single program’s code into already-existing applications. In the C++ language, there are two standard fundamental types of templates. Class and function templates are what these are referred to as.

C vs c++

In the world of software development, the programming languages C and C++ are both established, well-liked, and well-known. However, C and C++ each have unique qualities, functions, and uses.

The comparison of C and C++ programming in terms of their main characteristics, applications, and differences is provided here.

Historical background.

• C – Dennis Ritchie, a C language developer, created the C language at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. The C language was first created for systems programming and is frequently regarded as the C++ language’s predecessor.
• C++ – An expanded version of the C language, C++ programming was created in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup. Its goal was to enhance the C programming paradigm with concepts or features from object-oriented programming (OOP).

Programming paradigm.

• C – Programming languages that use procedures include C and C. It places a strong emphasis on organized programming and functions.
• C++ – The procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms are supported by C++. This makes it possible to create classes and objects.

Use.

• C – System-level programming (such as operating systems and device drivers), embedded systems, and low-level computer hardware programming are all frequent uses for the C language.
• C++ – A vast variety of Windows and other software programs are created using C++. Include large-scale small- and large-scale software projects, systems programming, game creation, and application software.

Coding structure.

• C – Data structures and functions are used to arrange program code in the C language. However, there is no built-in support for classes or objects in C programming.
• C++ – C++ enables the structure of program source code using classes, objects, and encapsulation. In essence, C++ promotes modular programming and the use of reusable computer code.

Memory management installation.

• C – C language manual for memory management. This is free for dynamic memory allocation and uses malloc-like methods.
• C++ – In addition to new and delete operators, C++ has a wealth of features including constructors, destructors, and automated memory management. Additionally, C++ provides features for smart pointers to assist with automated memory management.

STL stands for Standard Template Library.

• C – Unlike STL in C++, C does not have a standard library.
• C++ – however, comes with the Standard Template Library (STL). It offers a comprehensive selection of algorithms and data structures, including vectors, lists, maps, and more.

Processing exceptions.

• C – C does not come with built-in exception-handling functionality.
• C++ – The try, catch and throw programming constructs support exception handling. By doing this, you can handle and fix C++ software source code problems with grace.

Overloading.

• C – Function overloading is not supported in the C language; therefore, you cannot write several functions with the same name but distinct argument lists.
• C++ – Within C++ classes, functions, operators, and method overloading are all fully supported.

Outdated code.

• C – Programming in C and C++ C is typically used in legacy codebases and older systems. Because it has fewer programming features and is easy to learn.
• C++ – The creation of new software and Windows applications frequently uses C++. Especially when a program or piece of software needs the OOP capabilities and advantages of STL.

The library and the community.

• C – The C programming language has a thriving developer community and a large selection of libraries. Particularly for low-level and systems programming jobs.
• C++ – C++ has a vibrant community and large library of resources. It comprises STL and numerous frameworks for developing programs for applications across a range of industries.

C++ enum/ Enum c++

An enumeration is a user-defined special data type in C++. It includes a collection of named integer constant data variables. For integral programming values, symbolic program variable names are made using the enums data type. hence improving the readability and maintainability of C++ code. Then, enumerations are extremely helpful. when a program contains a fixed set of associated values. Which does not alter while that software is running.

The definition and application of enum data types in C++ are shown here.

Enum Declaration.

enum text

{

     m // 0

     n, //1

     o, // 2

}

We have defined an enum data type called text in the example above. comprising the three named constants m, n, and o. These variables have integer values by default that begin at 0 and increase by 1.

Initialization of enums.

If required, you can explicitly give integer values to an enum specified program variable’s constants.

enum program

{

     c = 1,

     java // 1

     python, //0

     html // 1

}

In the case above, the program is given the value 1, and from there, the constants increase.

applying enum.

Like any other static integer number, you can utilize enum values in your code.

course selectedcourse = C++;

if(selectedcourse==c)

{

     // print above status output

}

else if (selectedcourse == C++)

{

     //The selected course is match

}

In C++, enums data type variables are frequently used to make computer code easier to understand and maintain. Because enums utilize descriptive names for the constants rather than just raw integers, the code is easier to understand.

Learn c++/ How to learn c++

 You may create a variety of software, from system-level apps to high-level graphical games and high-performance computer software for hardware, by learning the C++ programming language, which is a wonderful trip for you.

A step-by-step instruction manual for learning C++ is provided here.

      Set up your development environment.

• Choose your computer’s C++ compiler and programming environment first. Popular C++ compiler choices include clion (cross-platform), Code::Blocks (cross-platform), and Microsoft Visual Studio (for Windows).
• Set up your machine with the chosen programming environment.

Study the fundamentals of C++ syntax.

• Begin by learning C++’s basic syntax, which covers program variables, data types, program operators, and fundamental program input/output.
• Be familiar with programming constructs used in control structures, such as if, else, while loops, for loops, and switches.

Programming with modules and functions.

• Acquire a working knowledge of C++’s fundamental functions. The structuring and reuse of software code depends on function codes.

      Variables and data structures.

• A thorough examination of each C++ program data type, such as strings, characters, and floating-point numbers.
• Gain knowledge of how to declare and use arrays, including multi-dimensional arrays.

Memory and pointer management.

• Be able to use C++’s new, delete, malloc, and free functions to understand pointers, memory allocation, and deallocation principles.
• Examine memory deallocation and dynamic allocation.

Programming that is object-oriented (OOP).

• A thorough understanding of object-oriented programming’s guiding principles, including knowledge of concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
• Write classes and objects in your program’s source code and utilize them.

STL stands for Standard Template Library.

• Learn about the pre-built data structures (vectors, lists, and maps) and algorithms provided by the C++ STL library.
• Acquire knowledge of STL’s containers, iterators, and algorithms.

Processing exceptions.

• Recognize program exceptions and how to use catch and throw to address them. Robust error management requires exception handling.

      I/O file.

• Acquire knowledge of the file input and output technologies available in C++ to read and write data files.

      Programming in general and templates.

• Investigate template classes and function programs to create general-purpose code that supports various data types.

Learn to code.

• Regularly practice writing C++ program code. Start with straightforward C++ programs and work your way up to more intricate ones.
• Complete more logic tests and programming puzzles to hone your coding abilities.

Utilize internet tools to learn.

• Benefit from the top C++ programming online tutorials, classes, and books that are currently accessible.
• To locate C++ classes, use websites like vcanhelpsu.com Codecademy, Coursera, edx, and Udemy.

Join C++ online communities.

• Join C++ platforms, mailing lists, and online communities to share your programming expertise, ask questions of C++ advanced expert programmers, and learn from more seasoned programmers.

Develop a project.

• Put your C++ skills to use on real-world projects. Start with simple C++ programs and work your way up to more intricate C++ applications.
• Your Advanced C++ project creations will assist you in developing your abilities and creating a portfolio to present prospective employers or partners.

Keep up to date.

• Even now, the environment for developing C++ programs is still changing. Keep abreast on the most recent and greatest C++ standards (C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20, C++23, etc.).

Linked list c++/ C++ linked list

A dynamic data structure used in C and C++ programming is the linked list. This has linkages or nodes for previous and subsequent nodes. Each each node in the linked list has a value and a pointer (or reference) to the node after it in the list. In C++ programming, linked lists are used to store and handle data collections in a flexible way.

Queue c++/ C++ queue

In the C++ language, queue is a data type for a linear data structure. This comes after first-in, first-out (FIFO) ordering data. Consequently, the first components that are added to the queue or deleted from it will always be the first. In C++, queues are frequently used to organize data and information pieces in an orderly fashion. like processing inquiries or arranging tasks. In order to deal with queues in C++ programming, you must make use of the std::queue Standard Template Library (STL) container.

The use of std::queue in the C++ language for various tasks is shown below.

Include the Required elements listed below header

Include the <queue> header file to use the std::queue stl library container.

#include <iostream>

#include <queue>

How to Create a Queue.

Declare a std::queue object with the desired data type for the elements according to your need.

std::queue<int> testQueue;

Insert desire Elements in (Enqueue).

You can insert elements into the queue using the push method.

testQueue.push(3);

testQueue.push(4);

testQueue.push(7);

Accessing the Front Element.

If You want To access the front element of the queue (the oldest element), use the front method with function.

int frontElement = testQueue.front();

Removing Elements (Dequeue)

You can remove elements from the front of the queue using the pop queue method.

testQueue.pop();

fir you Checking if the Queue is Empty.

To check if the queue is empty, use the empty queue method.

if (testQueue.empty()) {

    std::cout << “the current Queue is empty -” << std::endl;

}

Getting the Size of info of the Queue.

To get the number of elements in the queue, use the size method.

int queueSize = testQueue.size();

C++ code/ C++ coding

Popular, powerful, and extremely hard programming language C++. It is extensively utilized globally for a broad range of computer program development objectives. The C++ programming language is an improvement or extension of the C programming language. C++ programming contains elements like object-oriented programming, classes, objects, polymorphism, multi-function, etc. A vast variety of computer applications, including basic console programs, complicated desktop applications, games, system software, embedded systems, and more, are made using C++ program source code.

A very simple sample of C++ program code is shown below. in which a variable is declared and a message is printed to the console.

#include <iostream>

int main() {

    // Declare a int or float variable and initialize it with default value

    int l = 11;

    float k =10.2;

    // Print a message to the console

    std::cout << “Welcome to the world of, C++ programming!” << std::endl;

    std::cout << “The simple integer variable value display is – ” << l << std::endl;

    std::cout << “The simple floating variable value display is – ” << k << std::endl;

    return 0; // it Return 0 to indicate successful execution of above program

}

Int to string c++

There are various techniques you may use to convert a number into a string. Let’s do it now.

      You must utilize the std::to_string() method in your C++ application to do this.

To convert an integer to a string, use the std::to_string() method. It is already included in the C++ Standard Library.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main() {

    int k = 1;

    std::string c_str = std::to_string(k);

    std::cout << “Integer k variable converted as string data type is – ” << c_str << std::endl;

    std::cout << “The original Integer data type value is – ” << k << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

C++ switch

In C++ programming, switch statements are used to base a decision on the value of an expression or variable’s input. Depending on the result of the phrase provided to the switch case, this enables you to program several blocks of code within a switch code block.

You may find the fundamental syntax for a C++ switch case statement in the section below.

switch (expression)

{

    case value1:

        // Code to execute if expression value found the equals value1

        break;

    case value2:

        // Code to execute if expression value found the equals value1

        break;

    // Additional cases as needed to be displayed

    default:

        // Code to execute if expression doesn’t match any above case situation

}

The primary switch case components are described in this section.

• Expression – In this situation, you must provide that expression to the switch case. You wish to compare the value of with various case values.
• Case Value 1 – One potential program expression logic value is represented by each switch case. In a programming expression, which is possible. If the expression’s value is 1, then. As a result, the code block related to case value 1 will be run.
• Break − When the required case match is identified, the switch statement is terminated using the break statement. It is known as a “fall-through” when execution continues uninterrupted until the next switch case statement.
• Default – The default case is run when and is optional. when the expression does not match any of the case values. It operates similarly to a “other” instance. and carries out the standard program statement.

Below is a detailed example of how to utilize a switch statement in basic C++.

#include <iostream>

int main() {

    int c_choice;

    std::cout << “Enter a number of Courrse Selection choice between 1 – 5 programming -“;

    std::cin >> c_choice;

    switch (c_choice) {

        case 1:

            std::cout << “You Select a C Programming Choice” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 2:

            std::cout << “You Select a C++ Programming Choice” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 3:

            std::cout << “You Select a Java Programming Choice” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 4:

            std::cout << “You Select a Java Script Programming Choice” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 5:

            std::cout << “You Select a Python Programming Choice” << std::endl;

            break;

        default:

            std::cout << “Invalid Programming Choice Selection” << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

In the program example above sample accepts a number of user inputs and uses a switch statement to run several code blocks depending on the switch case value supplied by the user. If the user inputs 1, the code block related to Case 1 is executed, and so on. if any switch cases are not entered or none match. Therefore, the text information entered into the default block is used.

C++ operators/ C++ operator

There are many different operators available when writing in C++. It enables you to carry out a variety of programming operations on program values and variables.

The information on some of the most popular built-in program operators in C++ applications is provided here.

    Arithmetic Operators.

• + (Addition)
• – (Subtraction)
• (Multiplication)
• / (Division)
• % (Modulus, returns the remainder)

    Assignment Operators.

• = (Assignment)
• += (Addition assignment)
• -= (Subtraction assignment)
• *= (Multiplication assignment)
• /= (Division assignment)
• %= (Modulus assignment)
• = (Assignment)

    Increment and Decrement Operators.

• ++ (Increment)
• — (Decrement)

    Comparison Operators.

• == (Equal to)
• != (Not equal to)
• < (Less than)
• > (Greater than)
• <= (Less than or equal to)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)

    Logical Operators.

• && (Logical AND)
• || (Logical OR)
• ! (Logical NOT)

    Bitwise Operators.

• & (Bitwise AND)
• | (Bitwise OR)
• ^ (Bitwise XOR)
• ~ (Bitwise NOT)
• << (Left shift)
• >> (Right shift)

    Conditional (Ternary) Operator.

• ? : (Conditional operator, used for inline conditional expressions)

    Member Access Operators.

• . (Dot operator, used to access members of a class or structure)
• -> (Arrow operator, used to access members of a class or structure through a pointer)

    Comma Operator.

• , (Comma operator, used to separate expressions in a statement; evaluates all expressions but returns the result of the last one)

    Pointer Operators.

• (Dereference operator, used to access the value pointed to by a pointer)
• & (Address-of operator, used to get the address of a variable)

    Sizeof Operator.

• sizeof (Used to determine the size (in bytes) of a data type or an object)

    Conditional Operator.

• ? : (Conditional operator, used for inline conditional expressions)

    Type Cast Operators.

• static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast are used for type conversions.

Set c++

The C++ standard library includes the standard template class std::set. It puts into practice a sequence set of distinct set components. Keep in mind that there are no duplicate or repeating data elements in a C++ set. The set also never accepts it. It is an idea that is based on a self-balancing binary search tree, generally a red-black tree, and is a component of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).

How do you add the necessary headers?

• To use std::set you must include the header file.
  • #include <set>

How to declare std::set.

• You can declare the desired std::set data type by specifying the data type of the set elements you want to store. For example, if you want to create a set of integers.

std::set<int> testSet;

How to add elements to a set.

• You can insert new data into std::set elements by using the Insert() method. The set will automatically maintain the sort order, and duplicate elements will not be allowed.
• testSet.insert(1);
• testSet.insert(2);
• testSet.insert(3);

In C++11 and later, you can use a range-based for loop.

for (const auto & element: testSet)

    {

       std::cout << element << ” “;

}

Remove elements.

• You can remove elements from a set using the erase() method.
• testSet.erase(1); // removes element with value 1

Finding elements.

• You can check whether an element exists in a set or not, using the find() method. It returns an iterator value if the element is found, or mySet.end() if not found.

std::set<int>::iterator it = testSet.find(1);

if (this != testSet.end())

{

       std::cout << “Search element found -” << *it << std::endl;

}

Other

{

       std::cout << “Search element not found” << std::endl;

}

How to size and clear a cheque.

• You can check the size of the set using size() and whether it is empty or not using empty().

std::cout << “Check set size:” << testSet.size() << std::endl;

if (testSet.empty())

{

       std::cout << “Active set is empty” << std::endl;

}

C++ random

Using the <random> library, which offers a complete set of capabilities for generating random numbers, you may produce random numbers in a C++ program. Generally speaking, you can use these procedures to produce random numbers.

• You must include the previously mentioned header files in your C++ program.

#include <iostream>

#include <random>

Unordered_map c++/ C++ unordered_map

A C++ container class is called std::unordered_map. It offers C++ programmers an associative array data structure. This makes it possible to effectively store and retrieve key-value pairs. Unlike std::map, which organizes data components according to keys. A hash table is used by std::unordered_map to give applications quick access to data depending on their keys. In some programming languages, this data structure is also referred to as a hash map or dictionary.

Here is a C++ example of using std::unordered_map.

• Include the required header files if necessary.
• To use std::unordered_map, include the <unordered_map> header.

#include <iostream>

#include <unordered_map>

While loop c++

A programming control structure is the while loop. which continually runs a piece of code in a program from start to finish if a certain condition is met. as long as a particular condition continues to be true.

The following is the while loop’s fundamental syntax.

while (condition)

{

       // program code to be executed if the condition is true

}

See the example of a while loop in C++ below.

• The necessary header files are included with C++ applications.
• if you want to utilize them as part of a loop. Therefore, be sure to include all required program headers, including input and output headers like <iostream>.

Construct a while loop.

• Create a Boolean expression (condition) first. It decides if the loop should keep on.
• The code that the while loop should repeat. After the while statement, enclose it in curly braces ().
• The code inside the loop will run so long as the condition is true.

Here is a straightforward while loop example. This counts from 1 to 10 while printing the number values in a while loop.

#include <iostream>

int main() {

    int k = 0; // Initialize integer variable

    while (k <= 10)

    {

        std::cout << k << “\t”; // Print the current value of k variable

        k++; // Increment the variable k value

    }

    return 0;

}

In the above example above.

• The variable k is initialized to zero.
• As long as k =10 is less than or equal to, the while loop is active.
• The k variable is incremented by 1 each time the loop runs using k++, and its value is printed inside the loop. The loop is then repeated until the desired result is reached. If k=10 is not less than or equal to, then.

Substring c++

By using several techniques to extract a substring from a string, you may teach C++ programming. I’ll demonstrate how to utilize the substr() method in this section. It belongs to the class std::string. Based on the beginning position and length of the supplied string, you may use this function to extract the text information of the chosen portion of the string.

The Substr() function’s syntax is listed below.

std::string substr(size_t pos, size_t len) const;

       pos: Indicates the starting position of the substring.

       len: It shows the length of the substring to be extracted.

Here you are given below example in C++, how you can display a substring.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

     std::string firstString = “welcome to vcanhelpsu.com”;

     // now we extract first string from 10 start position to -1 last position

     std::string subString = firstString.substr(10, -1);

     std::cout << “\n Default string Is – ” << firstString << std::endl;

     std::cout << “\n View individual Substring text – ” << subString << std::endl;

     return 0;

}

In the program example above, we begin with a blank string and use the SUBSTRING function to extract a substring with a length of 25 characters that starts at position 10 (inclusive). The substring that results contains the text “vcanhelpsu.com” in the information display.

C++ hello world/ Hello world c++

You may primarily follow these steps to develop a basic “Hello world welcome to c++ programming” application in C++.

• First, add the necessary program header files.
• Include the input and output headers first, as they are essential.

#include <iostream>

Write the main function.

Every C++ program begins with a main() function. which is the first entry point to every C++ program.

int main()

{

       //Write your desired program code here

       return 0; // Return 0 to indicate program’s successful execution

}

“Hello world welcome to c++ programming” Print.

Use std::cout stream to print “Hello world welcome to c++ programming”.

console.

int main()

{

       std::cout << “Hello world welcome to c++ programming” << std::endl;

       return 0;

}

Priority queue c++

The Standard Template Library (STL) makes the C++ container adaptor known as Priority Queue available. It enables you to maintain and manage a set of objects with priority. The items in the priority queue are structured so that the item with the greatest priority always comes first, followed by the items with lower priority, in that sequence.

The use of std::priority_queue in C++ programming is demonstrated here below.

• Include the mandatory headers for the priority queue.
• To use std::priority_queue, include the <queue> header.

#include <iostream>

#include <queue>

C++ ide

Below is a list of some of the more popular C++ IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software options.

• Visual Studio.
• Visual Studio Code (VS Code).
• CLion.
• Code::Blocks.
• NetBeans.
• Dev-C++.
• Xcode.
• Qt Creator.
• Eclipse CDT.
• Emacs or Vim.

C++ constructor

A class’s constructor is a unique member function. which, when a variable object of that class is created, is automatically called in the program. In C++, a class’s data members—also called instance variables—are initialized in constructors along with any setup tasks that may be required. Always keep in mind that declared constructors have no return type and that constructors have the same name as classes. Not even zero exists.

Type of constructor.

Default Constructor – When a class program object is created without any parameters, it uses the default constructor. As a result, this constructor is invoked automatically by itself. If the class you programmatically generated lacks a constructor. A default program constructor will thus be created for you by C++. Typically, it sets default or null values for class data members.

class testclass

{

public:

      text class()

{

          // constructor code written here

      }

};

Parameterized constructors − Constructors with parameters Constructors specified in these classes accept one or more parameters or program arguments. As a result, while establishing a class Program object, you may initialize data members with certain values.

class testclass

{

public:

      TestClass(int l, double k)

{

          // here the constructor code to initialize the data members using l  and k in testclass

      }

};

Copy Constructor – A copy of an existing variable object of the same class Program is created when using the copy constructor to build a new object of the class Program. Then it is referred to as a copy constructor. whenever class objects are explicitly copied or provided as values.

class testclass

{

public:

      TestClass(const TestClass&other)

{

          //  copy constructor code  write here

      }

};

Constructor overloading – Constructor overloading allows you to define or include multiple constructors with various class program object argument lists in a single class. Process refers to this as constructor overloading.

class testclass

{

public:

      test class()

{

          // default constructor code written here

      }

      TestClass(int k)

{

          // parameterized constructor code written here

      }

};

C++ vs c#// C# vs c++

The two most well-known Windows programming languages are C++ and C# Sharp. However, the specific programming development design goals, use cases, and characteristics of C++ and C# sharp programming are distinct from one another.

The comparison of C++ vs C# programming in several areas is shown here.

       Ideal.

• C++ – Because it supports both procedural, object-oriented programming techniques and generic computer programming, C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language. Better and more direct control over memory and system resources is provided by C++ programming.
• C# – Primarily an object-oriented programming language, C# also supports declarative and imperative programming. The Microsoft team created C# programming to make it easier to utilize contemporary graphical apps and to boost productivity among programmers and developers.

      Memory management installation.

• C++ – C++ programming allows you to manually allocate and deallocate program memory as it is produced. This provides you manual control over how program memory is managed. This adaptability can result in memory-related issues in C++ programming, such as memory leaks and segmentation errors.
• C# – A garbage collector is used by C# to automatically manage memory. It relieves software memory management from needing to be done directly by computer engineers. This lessens the likelihood of frequent memory-related programming errors or defects. However, it might occasionally cause performance overhead in your software.

Platform and portability.

• C++ – The C++ language is renowned for its platform independence or support for all operating systems. But unlike high-level languages, it frequently needs platform-specific code for system-level operations and might not be entirely portable to all kinds of hardware systems.
• C# – Developed by Microsoft for the Microsoft.NET Framework, C# programming is mostly utilized for the creation of Windows applications. However, it has become more cross-platform software since the release of.NET Core (now.NET 5+).

    Performance.

• C++ – The programmer has extensive control over how C++ applications perform. Because you have better control over memory and system resources while developing programs in C++. Real-time systems, game development, and other performance-sensitive applications frequently employ C++.
• C# – While C++ programming offers more low-level features, C# programming does not. But when utilized with the appropriate libraries and optimizations, it may achieve good speed, especially for the majority of commercial programs and games.

      Syntax and language elements.

• C++ – C++ offers numerous programming language capabilities and a complicated program syntax. It has features like polymorphism, multiple inheritance, operator overloading, and template metaprogramming, among others.
• C# – C# programming features a more straightforward and contemporary programming syntax. It streamlines basic programming chores by containing contemporary features like Properties, Events, and LINQ.

      Libraries and ecosystems.

• C++ – The Standard Template Library (STL), Boost, and many more libraries are part of a vast ecosystem system in C++.
• C# – C# takes advantage of the robust.NET ecosystem mechanisms. It includes pre-built libraries and frameworks for creating desktop programs (Windows Forms, WPF), online applications (ASP.NET), games (Unity), and more.

      Popularity and the community.

• C++ – C++ programming has a huge and established community and has been around for a very long time. In certain domain applications, it is often used. Where controls and system performance are more crucial.
• C# – C# has a large developer community and is now a popular programming choice for creating Windows applications. For the creation of commercial, and corporate applications, C# programming is frequently used.

      The curve in learning.

• C++ – Because of its complicated program syntax ideas and manual memory management, C++ might have a quicker learning curve.
• C# – C# programming is regarded as being simpler to learn. It is simpler to use because of its straightforward programming syntax and automated memory management, especially for new computer programmers.

If else c++

Making if/else decisions depending on circumstances in your C++ computer code requires the usage of if-else statements. It enables you to run various program code segments. Which is dependent on whether a certain program condition is true at that precise moment in the program logic or expression.

The fundamental C++ syntax for an if-else statement is shown here.

if(condition)

{

       //it executes if the statement program code when the condition is true

}

else

{

       //it executes else the statement program code when condition the if condition is false

}

If condition is a piece of programming logic or an expression. which the software evaluates. The if code block inside the first pair of curly brackets is performed if the specified if condition is true. If not, the second set of curly braces’ else code block (else block) is run.

Below is an if/else program example. Which shows the use of if-else in C++.

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    int integer;

    std::cout << “Enter any integer number – “;

    std::cin >> integer;

    if (integer > 0)

    {

        std::cout << “The entered number is positive” << std::endl;

    }

    else if (integer < 0)

{

        std::cout << “The entered number is negative” << std::endl;

    }

   else if(integer==0)

    {

        std::cout << “The entered number is zero” << std::endl;

    }

    else

    {

        std::cout << “none of the above choice” << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

If the user provides a positive number in the example above. As a result, the positive number will be printed in the first block of code in the if statement “number”. if a negative number is entered by the user. The “number negative” will be printed in the second else if block of code. The third block of code will output “number zero” if the user inputs the number 0.

What is a virtual function in c++

Virtual Function is a C++ parent class, sometimes referred to as a base class. which is a function that belongs to a class, sometimes referred to as a derived class (also called a child class). where a function with the same name and signature as the class can replace it. Polymorphism in C++ is enabled using virtual functions. allowing derived class objects to behave exactly like derived class objects of the same type. that offers a means of obtaining runtime method dispatch depending on the actual type of the object defined in the class.

Setprecision c++

The std::setprecision function is used in C++ applications to regulate the precision of precision floating-point integers. It is a component of the iomanip (Input/Output Manipulation) software library. When inserted into a C++ application via a std::cout stream, they are formatted and shown. The number of significant figures or decimal places in a program can be seen or specified using the std::fixed or std::science manipulators.

The fundamental syntax for using std::setprecision is shown here.

#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>

int main()

{

    double l = 5.2356;

    double k = 12.674400;

    std::cout << std::setprecision(5) << l << std::endl; // it display Set precision to 5 decimal places in output after decimal

    std::cout << std::setprecision(3) << k << std::endl; // it display Set precision to 3 decimal places in output window

    return 0;

}

In the example above, std::setprecision(5) sets the precision of the output to 5 decimal places, and std::setprecision(3) sets it to 3 decimal places. The output will reflect these exact settings when displaying the display value variable.

String to int c++/ C++ string to int/ how to convert string to int c++

In C++, there are several ways to convert a string to an integer. Utilizing the built-in std::stoi (string to integer) function is one of the most popular methods. It may be found in the C++ <string> header and is a component of or already exists in the C++ standard library.

Here is an example of how to change a straightforward string into an integer.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

    std::string text = “78945”; // integer numbers declare with string format

    try {

        int integer = std::stoi(text);

        std::cout << “\n the Converted string into integer is – ” << integer << std::endl;

    } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e)

    {

        std::cerr << “the current argument is invalid – ” << e.what() << std::endl;

    } catch (const std::out_of_range& e)

    {

        std::cerr << “none of the above ” << e.what() << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

Stack c++/ C++ stack

In C++ programming, a data structure is called a stack. It follows to the last-in-first-out (LIFO) concept, according to which the first stack member to be deleted is always the last element placed into the stack’s current database. Various data structures, such as arrays or linked lists, can be used to implement a stack in C++, or you can use the built-in std::stack container offered by the C++ Standard Library.

Using std::stack:

You may generate a stack object with the required data type by including the <stack> header in your development program before using std::stack in a C++ application.

An illustration of a stack push and pop element is given below.

#include <iostream>

#include <stack>

int main()

{

    std::stack<int> testStack;

    testStack.push(9);     // it Push/insert 9 element into the stack

    testStack.push(8);    

    testStack.push(7);   

    testStack.push(6);    

    // Print number of above pop elements from the stack

    while (!testStack.empty())

    {

        std::cout << testStack.top() << ” “;  // Print the top stack element

        testStack.pop();                      // Pop/remove the top element in the stack

    }

    return 0;

}

In above program example, we create a stack of integers numbers (std::stack<int>) and use the push()/insert stack method to add elements to the stack. We then use top() to access the top element and pop()/remove element form existing stack.

String length c++

A string’s length (the amount of characters in the string) can be determined in a number of ways.

• Use the member methods size() or length().
• The length() and size() member methods of the C++ Standard Library’s std::string class allow you to get the length value of a particular string in your application.

You can determine the length of a string using the example shown below.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

    std::string teststring = “Welcome, to the vcanhelpsu.com”;

    int strlength = teststring.length(); // this function return the length of above string;

    std::cout << “\n The number of characters/length of the current string is – ” << strlength << std::endl;

    std::cout << “\n The actual string is without string length function is – ” << teststring << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

C++ lambda

Within your own C++ application code, anonymous functions or closures may be easily created using lambda expressions. Function definitions may be made clearer by using lambda expressions.

used inline, eliminating the requirement to create a named function or set of named functions (function objects). Since its introduction in C++11, lambda expressions have developed into a crucial part of the C++ language.

This is the fundamental syntax for a C++ lambda expression.

 [capture_clause] (parameter_list) -> return_type

{

       //lambda function/statement body

}

• Capture_clause – The capture clause outlines the variables in the surrounding scope the lambda expression may access.
• Parameter_list –  You specify the arguments for your lambda function expression in the parameter_list field.
• Return_type – In this field, you may define the lambda function’s return type. (Can be omitted if the estimate is available).
• Lambda body – This section includes the lambda function’s logic code.

A straightforward lambda expression example is shown below.

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    int l = 1;

    int k = 2;

    int m = 1;

    // declare three int lambda variable it add all of them;

    auto add = [](int l, int k, int m) -> int

    {

        return l + k + m;

    };

    int output = add(l, k, m);

    std::cout << “The addtion is – ” << output << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

In the example above, we will add a lambda expression. and which takes three complete integer values from the user, and returns the sum of all of them. We use auto keyword to declare lambda function in C++ program. Because here the lambda expression return type is displayed by the compiler itself.

C++ pass by reference

Passing by Reference Instead of giving a copy of the variable’s value to a function, you may pass a reference to the variable. In big program variable objects, this can be more effective than passing by value and gives the function the ability to change the original variable. The & address symbol is used in the declaration of a function argument in C++ to pass by reference.

Here is an illustration of how to send a variable to a function via reference.

#include <iostream>

void editedValues(int &l)// Function used to modifies its value call by reference method

{

    l += 3;

}

int main()

{

    int integer = 5;

    std::cout << “The original number is – ” << integer << std::endl;

    // Pass by reference integer by reference to editedvalues

    editedValues(integer);

    std::cout << “The altered number is – ” << integer << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

In the example above, the editedValues function takes as input an integer parameter l by reference. When you call this function with call by reference no. So you are calling by reference to the number. Therefore, any modification made to l within the function will directly affect the original number.

Switch case c++/ Switch c++

Depending on the value of a certain program expression, switch statements are used to carry out different switch case statement operations. This is a control structure that enables you to run just one switch or case code block depending on the result of an expression, instead of multiple.

The switch case statement’s fundamental syntax is shown here.

switch (expression)

{

    case value1:

        // case value 1 code executes only when input case value 1′

        break;

    case value2:

        // case value 2 code executes only when input case value 2′

        break;

case value3:

        // case value 3 code executes only when input case value 3′

        break;

    // more case statements

    default:

        // default case only execute while none of the above expression false

}

Below is an example of how you can use the switch statement in C++.

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    int selection;

    std::cout << “\n Select course choice among (1 to 5) – “;

    std::cin >> selection;

    switch (selection) {

        case 1:

            std::cout << “You have select Nielit CCC Course.” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 2:

            std::cout << “You have select Nielit O Level Course.” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 3:

            std::cout << “You have select Nielit A Level Course” << std::endl;

            break;

        case 4:

            std::cout << “You have select Nielit B Level Course” << std::endl;

            break;

        default:

            std::cout << “You have Invalid course selection.” << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

In the program example above, the user enters a fixed choice switch case number, and the switch statement evaluates the choice variable. Based on the value of the user manual selection choice, it executes the corresponding case block code statements. If none of the switch case statements match. So it executes the code in the default switch case block statements.

C in c++/ C++ c in

Within a C++ application, you can use C program code. This is made feasible by the fact that C++ is built to be mostly compatible with or supportive of C programming. In fact, C++ programming is entirely inspired by or developed from the classic C programming language, and it has all the capabilities required to support C program code.

The common approaches to include C code into a straightforward C++ application are listed below.

    You Must Include C Header Files – Using the #include keyword, you Must Include C header files in Your C++ Program Code.

#include <cstdio> // use it for C Standard I/O Library support in c++

Above header file allows you to use C standard I/O input/output functions like printf and scanf in your C++ program code.

Utilize C functions – You can utilize C functions directly in C++ application code. The majority of C program functions are accessible in C++ programming without any special adjustments since C++ and C are backward compatible.

int main() {

    int output = c_function(); // this a simple ‘c_function’ is a C function

    return 0;

}

Mix C and C++ Code – Use a combination of C and C++ computer code in the same project or application – This option is available to you. This implies that you may write some of your program’s code in C and some in C++, and they can communicate with one another while it’s being compiled, debugged, or tested.

// C++ program code

#include <iostream>

// C program code

extern “C” {

    #include “c_functions.h” // Include C header file to use its function

}

int main() {

    int result = c_function(); // it Call a C declare function from C++ program code

    std::cout << “output – ” << output << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

Do while loop c++

A C++ program looping concept is the do-while loop. It is used to repeatedly run a certain piece of software code up to an arbitrary or predetermined number of times. as long as the program’s given condition is true. The do-while loop verifies the program condition at least once after the loop body has been performed, in contrast to the while loop, which does so before entering the loop. Additionally, it guarantees that the loop body must run at least once. even if the program condition stated is incorrect at first.

The fundamental syntax for a do-while loop in C++ is provided here.

    do {

     // Code to be executed until given program condition is true

} while (condition);

Here is an example of a simple do-while loop. which prints the numbers 1 to 10.

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    int l = 1;

    do {

        std::cout << l << “\n “;

        l++;

    } while (l <= 10);

    return 0;

}

The loop in the example above must run at least once. because when the loop body is completed, the condition l = 10 is verified. The loop will keep running as long as the specified program condition is still true.

Keep in mind that the loop program will run once before verifying the condition if the condition is originally false in the do-while loop, as seen in the example above.

String.find c++

Find is a member function of the std::string class. It enables you to look for a substring inside a string that was defined in a C++ application. The find function either outputs a unique constant value or returns the place (index) of the substring’s first occurrence in the string. if the search substring could not be located, std::string::npos.

What is c++ used for

C++ is a flexible, well-known, and strong programming language. It has a wide range of uses in many computer applications and fields.

Here are a few of the most typical and important applications for C++ programming.

• System Programming – Operating systems, device drivers, and firmware are all examples of system-level software that is frequently created using the C++ programming language. C++ programming is a good choice for this because of its low-level features and ability to directly manipulate memory.
• Game Development – The C++ language platform is used in many of today’s well-known game engines and game development frameworks, including the Unreal Engine and Unity. The majority of game developers utilize the C++ programming language to manage their hardware resources and system performance.
• Desktop application development – Graphical user interface (GUI) apps and other desktop software are made using the C++ programming language. The development of cross-platform desktop applications for operating systems is also made possible by frameworks like Qt.
• Embedded Systems – C++ is commonly used in the programming of embedded existing systems. when hardware control and memory economy are more crucial. Additionally, it is frequently used in sectors including IoT (Internet of Things), aerospace, and the automobile industry.
• Real-time and high-performance applications – C++ may be used to create real-time applications like trading systems for financial instruments, simulations of 3D art, and scientific computers. Where a fast application reaction time and a quick system response time are critical.
• Database – To enhance the performance of software databases, certain popular database management systems, like MySQL and PostgreSQL, utilize C++ programming for specific components.
• Graphics and computer graphics – The C++ language is frequently used in OpenGL and DirectX development as well as graphics libraries.
• Networking – Network programming is done in the C++ programming language. utilized especially in the creation of servers, clients, and network protocols.
• AI and Machine Learning – Because of its rich library, Python programming is frequently connected with AI and machine learning. However, when speed optimization is required, C++ programming is used. Some machine learning frameworks and libraries have C++ bindings or components.
• Scientific and engineering software – Due to its numerical computing capabilities, C++ is utilized for scientific and engineering simulations, data analysis, and design or device modeling.
• Financial applications – C++ is utilized in the creation of risk management software, high-frequency trading systems, and other financial applications. which need quick reactions and top performance.
• Compilers and tools – C++ is used to implement a wide variety of compilers and development tools, including the C++ compiler.
• Operating Systems – C++ programming is used to create system utilities and operating system parts.

C++ operator overloading

In C++ programming, you may describe how operators interact with user-defined data types or objects by using operator overloading. The functionality of operators for your own classes may be expanded in this way. You might specify how operators like +, -, *, /, ==,!=, and others should operate on your own classes.

You define a unique member function in your class to overload an operator. where the operator’s symbol is a representation of its name.

The following is the syntax for operator overloading in C++ programming.

return_type operator operator_symbol(parameters)

{

    // you can manually define the custom behavior of the operator you used in any class

}

C++ int to string

There are various ways in C++ to convert an integer to a string. The std::to_string function and std::stringstream are two popular approaches. The two techniques to change brick into string are shown here.

How to use std::to_string is shown below.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

    int decimal = 5;

    std::string string = std::to_string(decimal);

    std::cout << “decimal to string converstion – ” << string << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

In the above program method, you can simply call std::to_string and pass your integer number as an argument. It returns a string containing the integer’s output program value.

C++ compare string/ Compare strings in c++

Various techniques may be used to compare strings based on your particular programming requirements.

Comparing two strings for equality (case-sensitively) involves using the == operator. Because of the case sensitivity of this comparison, “Welcome” and “Welcome” are treated as independent strings.

What follows is an example of how to compare two strings in C++.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

    std::string text1 = “vcanhelpsu.com”;

    std::string text2 = “vcanhelpsu.com”;

    if (text1 == text2)

    {

        std::cout << “The both text are equal” << std::endl;

    }

    else {

        std::cout << “The both text are not equal” << std::endl;

    }

    return 0;

}

C++ else if

In C++ applications, numerous conditional branches are made using the else if clause in combination with the if and else expressions. You are able to define a sequence of program conditions to be tested. The program logic continues to the next Else If condition if the first one is not satisfied or evaluates to False. If any of the two conditions do not hold true, the program returns to the optional else block. then displays their claims on the screen.

The if/else basic syntax is shown in the section below.

if (condition1)

{

    // program condition is true then all below statement will be false

}

else if (condition2)

{

    // check the code to execute if condition2 is true

}

 else if (condition3)

{

    // check the code to execute if condition3 is true

}

else

{

    // check the code to execute if none of the conditions are true

}

Each if and else if condition is evaluated in order from top to bottom, and the first condition that evaluates to true. That triggers the corresponding code block. If none of the conditions is true, the code in the else block (if present) is executed.

Below you will find an example of using If Else If Else in a simple program to determine a student’s grade based on their test scores.

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

    int number;

    char grade;

    std::cout << “Enter your get number – “;

    std::cin >> number;

    if (number >= 85 && number<=100)

    {

        grade = ‘S’;

    }

    else if (number >= 70 && number<=85)

    {

        grade = ‘A’;

    }

    else if (number >= 60 && number<=70)

    {

        grade = ‘B’;

    }

    else if (number >= 60 && number<=70)

    {

        grade = ‘C’;

    }

    else if (number >= 1 && number<=50)

    {

        grade = ‘F’;

    }

    std::cout << “You achive the grade is – ” << grade << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

Static_cast c++

In C++ programming, explicit type conversions (casting) between related data types are done with the static_cast operator. It is a compile-time operator for programs and is regarded as one of the more reliable and secure casting techniques. The static_cast operator is typically used to convert between types that are compatible with one another, such as pointers, references, and numeric types. You shouldn’t convert arbitrary types using the static_cast operator.

C++ pair

The standard library includes a template class called std::pair. It enables the storage of two objects of various sorts as a single entity. It is an easy-to-use container for working with value pairs. std::pair is frequently used in a number of contexts. where two values must be added together.

C++ absolute value

The std::abs function in C++ programming can be used to determine a number’s absolute value. This may be found in the header file for “<cmath”> (or “<cstdlib>” for integers). Several numerical kinds, including complex numbers, floating-point numbers, and integers, can be used with the std::abs function.

The std::abs standard library functions for various numeric types are used in the example below.

     For integer types (int, long, etc.), you can use it.

#include <iostream>

#include <cstdlib> // you must include this header file to print absoulute numbers in c++

int main()

{

    int decimal = -1;

    int absolutedecimal = std::abs(decimal);

    std::cout << “The absolute number is = ” << decimal << ”  ” << std::endl;

 return 0;

}

C++ sort

The std::sort algorithm from the C++ standard library may be used to ordinarily sort a set of elements in an array or other container in ascending order. The std::sort function utilizes an effective method for sorting data elements or numbers. This often uses a quicksort algorithm version. The values are sorted in particle order in the software you were given.

C++ read file

In C++ programming, you may use the std::ifstream (input file stream) class from the C++ Standard Library to read a text or binary file.

Here is a step-by-step tutorial on using C++ programming to read a file’s contents.

Here is a complete example of a program that reads and outputs the file’s contents line by line.

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include <string>

int main()

{

    std::ifstream inputFile(“test.txt”); // file that used to read line in program

    if (!inputFile.is_open())

    {

        std::cerr << “file coud not exixt! Error” << std::endl;

        return 1;

    }

    std::string line;

    while (std::getline(inputFile, line))

    {

        std::cout << line << std::endl;

    }

    inputFile.close();

    return 0;

}

Ifstream c++

The C++ standard library includes the C++ class std::ifstream. which in a file handling indicates an input file stream. On files, input actions are applied using it. The std::ifstream stl library may be used to read and manipulate file data, as well as open a file’s current contents.

Here is a simple C++ application that reads a file using std::ifstream.

#include <iostream> // regular header file

#include <fstream> // add this header file to file stream program task

#include <string>  // add this header file to do some string operatin

int main()

{

    std::ifstream inputFile(“test.txt”); // declare ifstream input file with name

    if (!inputFile.is_open()) // used to open file for operation

    {

        std::cerr << “file coudn’t be open for operation” << std::endl;

        return 1;

    }

    // used to read file content line

    std::string line;

    while (std::getline(inputFile, line)) {

        // cout line elements

        std::cout << line << std::endl; // display line element to console screen

    }

    inputFile.close();// close the above file operation

    return 0;

}

C++ sleep

Using the std::this_thread::sleep_for function from the standard program library, you may give your application a little delay or sleep effect. You may use this function to halt your program’s execution for a given number of seconds. You must include a “<thread>” header and, potentially, a “<chrono>” header file to define a duration in order to utilize it.

The usage of std::this_thread::sleep_for in various C++ applications is demonstrated here.

#include <iostream>

#include <thread>   // add the header for std::this_thread::sleep_for program

#include <chrono>   // add the header for std::chrono::milliseconds effect in current program

int main() {

    // it sleep this program for 5 seconds (5000 milliseconds)

    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5000));

    std::cout << “the above program stop for 5 second then resume” << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

Rust vs c++

Both C++ and Rust are strong programming languages for computer systems. However, both C++ and Rust offer unique programming features, advantages, and skills.

The comparison of different features of programming in Rust vs C++ is shown here.

 Memory safety.

• Rust – The assurance of memory safety in Rust programming is one of its distinctive qualities. In order to eliminate common programming problems like null pointer dereferences and buffer overflows, Rust enforces stringent programming constraints at build time. It relies on a special ownership structure that incorporates ideas like ownership, borrowing, and lifespan to guarantee memory security without affecting the performance of already-running programs.
• C++ – By default, C++ programming does not offer you the same degree of memory safety assurances. This makes low-level memory manipulation possible, which, if done carelessly, might result in memory-related errors and computer security flaws. Smart pointers and secure containers have been added to current C++ (C++11 and beyond), which considerably reduces some of these problems.

Concurrent.

• Rust – With its proprietary and Borrow models, Rust offers built-in support for secure concurrency. It provides facilities for safe multithreading and makes it more difficult to generate data races.
• C++ – For programming, C++ offers a variety of concurrency methods. Including condition variables, mutexes, and threads. Concurrency management in C++, despite its strength, can be error-prone due to a lack of internal safety mechanisms. To remedy this, threading libraries and functionalities were added in C++11.

Simplicity of learning and syntax.

• Rust – Rust offers an expressive and contemporary syntax. It makes writing and reading Rust computer code simpler. For new programmers, meanwhile, its rigid ownership scheme might be intimidating.
• C++ – When dealing with legacy programming features, the C++ language has a sophisticated and somewhat lengthy program syntax. Due to its large feature set, learning C++ thoroughly may take a coder longer.

Performance.

• Rust – In terms of performance, rust and c++ are often equivalent. Rust is competitive in applications that require high-speed thanks to its zero-cost abstraction and effective memory management.
• C++ – development in C++ is renowned for its effectiveness and performance, particularly in systems development. Low-level memory control is made possible. Resulting in code that is substantially efficient.

Ecosystem and Library.

• Rust – Rust’s ecosystem mechanism is expanding quickly with an emphasis on security and accuracy. Ecosystem and Library. It has a centralized library repository called crates.io as well as a package manager named cargo.
• C++ – With a large variety of libraries and frameworks, C++ has a developed and extensive ecosystem. It has benefited from years of research and application in several domains.

Adoption and the community.

• Rust – Recently, rust has become more and more popular, particularly in fields like web development, networking, and systems programming. It has an enthusiastic and expanding community.
• C++ – C++ is extensively utilized in a variety of fields, such as embedded systems, finance, and game development. It has a sizable and well-established user and development community.

   Tooling.

• Rust – Rust’s tooling is regarded as outstanding. It includes tools like Cargo for managing packages and Rustfmt for formatting code. Informative error messages are provided by the Rust compiler.
• C++ – You can use a wide range of tools and ides with C++. But unlike Rust Cargo and Rustfmt, there isn’t a single standardized package management or formatting tool.

Platform Assistance.

• Rust – Rust is a powerful cross-platform language that can be compiled to a variety of target platforms, including embedded systems.
• C++ – C++ is a very portable language that may be used on a variety of systems. Consequently, it is appropriate for cross-platform software development.

C++ namespace

To avoid naming conflicts and to make your program code more modular and manageable, namespaces are a system for organizing and grouping similar program code components, such as variables, functions, and classes. when distinct definitions of the same element occur throughout various areas of your program’s code or third-party libraries. Namespaces therefore offer a means of avoiding naming conflicts.

These are the key steps to declare and utilize namespaces in C++ programming.

declaration of the namespace.

By adding the namespace keyword after the name of the desired namespace, you may create a namespace in C++.

namespace mynamespace

{

    // you can declare your desire variables, functions, or classes within the user define namespace

int test;

    void testFunction();

}